Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a complex and heterogeneous condition that is challenging to treat.
In SLE clinical trials, multiple organ involvement is assessed by composite scores, complicating the choice of patient population, drug mechanism, and identifying the appropriate clinical endpoint that will result in a significant signal. Luckily, quantitative systems pharmacology (QSP) can help provide a holistic view of the mechanistic understanding of SLE.